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As of 2005, the major operating systems in widespread use on general-purpose computers have consolidated into two main families
Unix like family and
Microsoft like family.
Mainframe computers and embedded systems use a variety of different operating systems, many with no direct connection to Windows or Unix.
The Unix-like family is a more diverse group of operating systems, with several major sub-categories including SystemV, BSD and Linux. The name "Unix" is a trademark of The Open Group which licenses it for use to any operating system that has been shown to confirm to the definitions that they have cooperatively developed. The name is commonly used to refer to the large set of operating systems which resemble the original Unix.
Unix systems run on a wide variety of machine architectures. Unix systems are used heavily as server systems in business, as well as workstations in academic and engineering environments. Free Software Unix variants, such as Linux and BSD are increasingly popular, and have made inroads on the desktop market as well. Some proprietary Unix variants like HP's HP-UX and IBM's AIX are designed to run only on that vendor's proprietary hardware while others can run on the vendor's proprietary hardware and also on industry-standard PCs. Sun's formerly proprietary Solaris (it is becoming open-source under the CDDL license) is one such versatile but true Unix (it can run on Sun's servers but also on smaller x86 systems).
Apple's Mac OS X, a BSD variant, has replaced Apple's earlier (non-Unix) Mac OS in a small but dedicated market, becoming one of the most popular Unix systems in the process.
The Microsoft-like family of operating systems originated as a graphical layer on top of the older MS-DOS environment for the IBM PC. Modern versions are based on the newer Windows NT core that first took shape in OS/2. Windows runs on 32 and 64-bit Intel and AMD computers.
System V, previously known as AT&T System V, was one of the versions of the Unix computer OS. It was originally developed by AT&T and first released in 1983. Four major versions of System V were released, termed Releases 1, 2, 3 and 4. System V Release 4, or SVR4, was the most successful version, and the source of several common Unix features, such as "SysV init scripts" (/etc/init.d), used to control system startup and shutdown, and the System V Interface Definition (SVID), a standard defining how System V systems should work.
While AT&T sold their own hardware which ran System V, many customers ran a version from a reseller, based on AT&T's reference implementation. Popular SysV derivatives include Dell SVR4 and Bull SVR4. The most widely used versions of System V today are SCO Open Server,Based on System V Release 3, and Sun Microsystems Solaris Operating Environment and SCO Unix Ware, both based on System V Release 4.
System V was an enhancement over AT&T's first commercial UNIX called System III. Traditionally, System V has been considered one of the two major "flavors" of UNIX, the other being BSD. However, with the advent of UNIX implementations developed from neither code base, such as Linux and QNX, this generalization is not as accurate as it once was, and in any case standardization efforts such as POSIX are tending to reduce the differences between implementations.
14. There are five releases of SVR, namely:
SVR 1: The first version of System V was released in 1983. It introduced features such as the vi editor and cursors from the Berkley Software Distribution of UNIX developed at the University of California, Berkley (UCB). It also added support for inter-process comn using messages, semaphores and shared memory.
SVR 2: System V Release 2 was released in 1984. It added Unix shell functions and the SVID.
SVR 3: System V Release 3 was released in 1987. It included STREAMS, remote file sharing (RFS), shared libraries and the Transport Layer Interface(TLI).
SVR 4: System V Release 4.0 was announced on 1 Nov1989 and was released in 1990. A joint project of Unix Systems Labs and Sun Microsystems, it combined technology from Release 3 as well as 4.3 BSD, Xenix and Sun OS. TCP/IP and csh support from BSD. Network file system(NFS), memory mapped files, a new shared library system support from Sun OS. Other improvements were ksh, ANSI C, internationalization support, ABI and support for standards such as POSIX , X/Open and SVID 3. SVR 4.1 added asynchronous I/O. SVR 4.2 added support for the Veritas file system, access control lists(ACLs), and dynamically loadable kernel modules.
Unix like family and
Microsoft like family.
Mainframe computers and embedded systems use a variety of different operating systems, many with no direct connection to Windows or Unix.
The Unix-like family is a more diverse group of operating systems, with several major sub-categories including SystemV, BSD and Linux. The name "Unix" is a trademark of The Open Group which licenses it for use to any operating system that has been shown to confirm to the definitions that they have cooperatively developed. The name is commonly used to refer to the large set of operating systems which resemble the original Unix.
Unix systems run on a wide variety of machine architectures. Unix systems are used heavily as server systems in business, as well as workstations in academic and engineering environments. Free Software Unix variants, such as Linux and BSD are increasingly popular, and have made inroads on the desktop market as well. Some proprietary Unix variants like HP's HP-UX and IBM's AIX are designed to run only on that vendor's proprietary hardware while others can run on the vendor's proprietary hardware and also on industry-standard PCs. Sun's formerly proprietary Solaris (it is becoming open-source under the CDDL license) is one such versatile but true Unix (it can run on Sun's servers but also on smaller x86 systems).
Apple's Mac OS X, a BSD variant, has replaced Apple's earlier (non-Unix) Mac OS in a small but dedicated market, becoming one of the most popular Unix systems in the process.
The Microsoft-like family of operating systems originated as a graphical layer on top of the older MS-DOS environment for the IBM PC. Modern versions are based on the newer Windows NT core that first took shape in OS/2. Windows runs on 32 and 64-bit Intel and AMD computers.
System V, previously known as AT&T System V, was one of the versions of the Unix computer OS. It was originally developed by AT&T and first released in 1983. Four major versions of System V were released, termed Releases 1, 2, 3 and 4. System V Release 4, or SVR4, was the most successful version, and the source of several common Unix features, such as "SysV init scripts" (/etc/init.d), used to control system startup and shutdown, and the System V Interface Definition (SVID), a standard defining how System V systems should work.
While AT&T sold their own hardware which ran System V, many customers ran a version from a reseller, based on AT&T's reference implementation. Popular SysV derivatives include Dell SVR4 and Bull SVR4. The most widely used versions of System V today are SCO Open Server,Based on System V Release 3, and Sun Microsystems Solaris Operating Environment and SCO Unix Ware, both based on System V Release 4.
System V was an enhancement over AT&T's first commercial UNIX called System III. Traditionally, System V has been considered one of the two major "flavors" of UNIX, the other being BSD. However, with the advent of UNIX implementations developed from neither code base, such as Linux and QNX, this generalization is not as accurate as it once was, and in any case standardization efforts such as POSIX are tending to reduce the differences between implementations.
14. There are five releases of SVR, namely:
SVR 1: The first version of System V was released in 1983. It introduced features such as the vi editor and cursors from the Berkley Software Distribution of UNIX developed at the University of California, Berkley (UCB). It also added support for inter-process comn using messages, semaphores and shared memory.
SVR 2: System V Release 2 was released in 1984. It added Unix shell functions and the SVID.
SVR 3: System V Release 3 was released in 1987. It included STREAMS, remote file sharing (RFS), shared libraries and the Transport Layer Interface(TLI).
SVR 4: System V Release 4.0 was announced on 1 Nov1989 and was released in 1990. A joint project of Unix Systems Labs and Sun Microsystems, it combined technology from Release 3 as well as 4.3 BSD, Xenix and Sun OS. TCP/IP and csh support from BSD. Network file system(NFS), memory mapped files, a new shared library system support from Sun OS. Other improvements were ksh, ANSI C, internationalization support, ABI and support for standards such as POSIX , X/Open and SVID 3. SVR 4.1 added asynchronous I/O. SVR 4.2 added support for the Veritas file system, access control lists(ACLs), and dynamically loadable kernel modules.
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